Absolute Carbon Emissions
Absolute emissions are the amount of emissions created in a set period of time. Emissions may be based on actual or estimated data and for financed emissions are attributed using an attribution factor.
Adaptation
Climate change adaptation is the process of altering behaviour, systems, and communities to protect the environment, society and the economy from the impacts of climate change.
Assets
Anything of value owned by a business that can be set against its liabilities. Assets are usually divided into four types: fixed assets (typically land, buildings and machines); current assets (cash, stock, investments, work in progress and payments owing); liquid assets (cash or funds held in a form that can be quickly converted into cash); and intangible assets (goodwill, trademarks, patents, etc).
Association of British Insurers and Independent Healthcare Providers Net Zero working group
A collaborative initiative aiming to align the insurance and healthcare sectors with net zero targets by developing strategies for carbon reduction and sustainable operations. It facilitates knowledge sharing, policy development, and industry-wide commitments to drive decarbonisation. The working group also engages with regulators and stakeholders to ensure the integration of sustainability in sectoral practices.
Aviva’s Sustainability Ambition
Our sustainability ambition, is focused on three core areas:
- Social action – we aim to help build stronger communities;
- Climate action – we have an ambition to be Net Zero by 2040; and
- Sustainable business – we act to embed sustainability into the way we run our business.
Biodiversity
The variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. At Aviva we tend to use the terms Nature and Biodiversity.
Blue Carbon
Carbon captured and stored in coastal and or marine ecosystems.
Carbon Credits
Carbon credits or offset is a generic term used to assign a value to a reduction, avoidance or capture of GHG emissions achieved by a certified project. It is equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).
Carbon intensity
Carbon intensity is calculated by dividing carbon emissions by an appropriate usage metric such as revenues, square footage of buildings, number of employees etc. Aviva uses the following intensity measures:
- Economic carbon intensity (ECI): the intensity of GHG emissions attributed to investments per £m invested. This measure is relevant for all asset classes.
- Weighted average carbon intensity (WACI) revenue: Weighted average of investee company carbon intensity by revenue, i.e. greenhouse gas emissions (tCO2e) divided by revenue of investee company in USD millions, where the weight reflects investment weight in the relevant portfolio.
- Real estate (Direct Real Estate & Commercial Mortgages) carbon intensity: greenhouse gas emissions attributed to real estate investments per metre square of attributed floor space.
Carbon neutral
The amount of carbon released is offset by a reduction in carbon emissions from an activity outside the company boundaries. These carbon savings come in the form of carbon credits that do not represent removals of carbon from the atmosphere, but instead emissions that have been reduced from a pre-project baseline.
Carbon reduction
The process of reducing carbon / greenhouse gas emissions through improving business processes. This is seen as essential step prior to the offsetting of residual emissions as it means that less carbon is generated, reducing the need to offset emissions.
Carbon removal
Carbon removal is defined by the IPCC as technologies, practices and approaches that remove and durably store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Circular Economy
The European Parliament defines the circular economy as a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. In this way, the life cycle of produces is extended.
Climate Action 100+
Climate Action 100+ is an investor-led initiative to ensure the world’s largest corporate greenhouse gas emitters take necessary action on climate change.
Climate Bonds Initiative debt screening
An assessment framework to evaluate and certify debt instruments based on their alignment with climate objectives. The screening process ensures that investments contribute to a low-carbon and climate-resilient economy. It also helps investors identify credible green bonds and sustainable financing opportunities.
Climate Bonds Initiative Taxonomy and Sector Criteria
A classification system to determine which investments qualify as climate-aligned and contribute to a low-carbon economy. It sets out clear standards for labelling green bonds and investment products. The taxonomy ensures consistency and transparency in sustainable finance markets.
Climate crisis
This is a term describing global warming and climate change, and their consequences. The term has been used to describe the threat of global warming to the planet, and to urge aggressive climate change mitigation.
Climate-related Financial Disclosure (CRFD)
The process of reporting climate risks and opportunities in financial statements to enhance transparency and inform decision-making for investors and stakeholders. It ensures companies assess and disclose material climate risks in line with regulatory and investor expectations.
Climate resilience
The capacity of social, economic and environmental systems to cope with a hazardous climate-related event, trend or disturbance, responding or reorganising in ways that maintain their essential function, identity and structure.
Climate scenario analysis
A strategic tool used to assess potential climate-related risks and opportunities under different future climate and policy scenarios. It helps organisations model various pathways and stress test their resilience to climate shocks. The insights gained can inform risk management, business strategy, and regulatory compliance.
Climate transition
The transition towards a lower-carbon economy.
Climate transition funds
Investment funds which aim to deliver growth by investing in companies that either aim to provide solutions to climate change or aim to orientate their business models to a low-carbon economy, while aiming to avoid the most carbon intense fossil fuel-based companies.
Climate Value-at-Risk (Climate VaR)
Aviva has developed a Climate VaR measure which enables assessment of the possible financial impacts of future climate-related risk and opportunities. The metric has been developed through an inter-disciplinary team which was created with representation from across the business. An expert panel reviews and challenges the main assumptions made in the selection, development and modelling of the financial impacts across scenarios.
Community investment
The gross monetary amount from Aviva Group in support of community organisations/projects/cause, including: Voluntary activities, beyond our core business activities and our legal obligations, that contribute to the economic, social and environmental sustainability of our communities. All charitable spend, management costs, value of gifts in kind and the cost of volunteering in alignment with the Business for societal impact (B4SI). B4SI benchmark is a framework used by corporates to calculate their community investment spending.
COP
COP stands for “Conference of the Parties”. A COP is the main decision-making body around a particular issue such as Climate Change or Biodiversity. For example; Climate Change is governed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). A COP meets annually to assess the effects of measures it has implemented.
CO2e
Stands for carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent. There are a number of greenhouse gases which warm the earth at different intensity levels such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). Rather than providing metrics for each gas they are converted into CO2e for reporting.
Dormant Assets
Funds held within financial services products which have not been accessed for a certain period of time, and attempts to trace their owners to reunite them with their money have been unsuccessful. Find out more about Aviva’s Dormant Assets scheme here.
Ecovadis score
A sustainability rating that evaluates companies on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria, including climate impact and supply chain responsibility. Higher scores reflect stronger commitments to responsible business practices.
Emissions (carbon)
A type of carbon (such as carbon dioxide) released into the atmosphere, often through human activity such as the burning of fossil fuels such as coal or gas.
Emissions trading schemes
Market-based mechanisms that set a cap on emissions and allow companies to buy and sell allowances, incentivising reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. These schemes create financial incentives for emissions reductions while allowing flexibility for businesses.
Engage and divest
Engagement is where shareholders seek to influence firm behaviour through direct engagement, filing shareholder proposals and voting at AGMs. Divestment is where shareholders sell a firms’ shares, typically because engagement has failed to influence the firm’s behaviour or the firm does not meet the investor’s minimum ESG standards.
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG)
Environmental (e.g. pollution), Social (e.g. labour standards) and Governance (e.g. board diversity and accountability) are the three factors commonly used to measure the sustainability and social impact of a firm.
Ethical investments
Ethical investing refers to the practice of using one’s ethical principles as the primary filter for the selection of securities investing. Ethical investing depends on an investor’s views. Ethical investing gives the individual the power to allocate capital toward companies whose practices and values align with their personal beliefs. Choosing an investment based on ethical preferences is not indicative of the investment’s performance.
EV100
EV100 is a global initiative led by The Climate Group that brings together companies committed to accelerating the transition to electric vehicles. Member organisations pledge to switch their corporate fleets to EVs and install charging infrastructure by 2030.
Electric Vehicles (EVs)
EVs are vehicles powered entirely or partially by electricity, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. They include battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which use rechargeable batteries.
Finance Sector Deforestation Act (FSDA)
The FSDA is a legislative proposal aimed at holding financial institutions accountable for investments linked to deforestation. It seeks to prevent banks and investors from funding companies engaged in activities that lead to deforestation. The act supports global efforts to protect biodiversity and combat climate change.
Financed Emissions
Aviva's financed emissions represent the estimated carbon emissions of our investment portfolio (i.e. Aviva’s emissions for Scope 3 category 15 from the GHG Protocol). We monitor the emissions of our investment portfolio for shareholder, with-profits and policyholder funds and our progress towards our climate ambitions.
Finance for Biodiversity Foundation Pledge
A group of financial institutions calling on global leaders to protect and restore biodiversity through their finance activities and investments.
Financial Sector Deforestation Action Initiative (FSDA)
A results-driven collaborative of financial institutions that unites members around a shared approach to tackling deforestation and creating essential cooperation across other climate and nature-related initiatives.
Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ)
The world’s largest coalition of financial institutions committed to transitioning the global economy to net-zero, launched in April 2021. GFANZ lists 2 key purposes: to expand the number of net zero-committed financial institutions and to establish a forum for addressing sector-wide challenges, helping to ensure high levels of ambition are met with credible action.
Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF)
A framework aiming to address biodiversity loss, restore ecosystems and protect indigenous rights. The plan includes concrete measures to halt and reverse nature loss, including protecting 30 per cent of the planet and 30 per cent of degraded ecosystems by 2030.
Good Business Charter
An accreditation which UK organisations can sign up to in recognition of 10 responsible business practices. All 10 commitments must be met to receive accreditation.
Greenhouse Gas Protocol
A comprehensive, global, standardised framework to measure and manage greenhouse gas emissions from private and public sector operations and climate change reduction activities.
Holistic stewardship
Aviva's Holistic stewardship approach involves maximising the long-term value of clients' investments by engaging with various actors within the financial system.
This includes direct engagement with stakeholders in private markets (such as occupiers, borrowers, suppliers, and portfolio companies) to support sustainable business growth, and constructive dialogue with investee companies in public markets on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) issues to encourage best practices and strategic voting.
Recognising the limitations of individual company changes, holistic stewardship addresses broader structural challenges by working with a range of financial ecosystem participants.
This includes convening sector roundtables, engaging with sovereign issuers on stewardship priorities, and running macro-stewardship programs to engage with policymakers, regulators, and international institutions to correct market failures and mitigate systemic risks. This comprehensive approach aims to support long-term value creation for clients, considering climate, people, and earth issues.
IIGCC - The Institutional Investors Group on Climate Change
A European body for investor collaboration to support and enable the investment community in driving significant and real progress by 2030 towards a net zero and resilient future. To be achieved through capital allocation decisions, stewardship and successful engagement with companies, policy makers and fellow investors.
Impact investing
A subset of ESG investing. An investment strategy whereby an investor proactively seeks to place capital in businesses that can generate financial returns as well as intentional and measurable social and / or environmental goals.
Independent Assurance or Assurance
An independent review of sustainability metrics, claims or reports.
Inertial Trajectory
Inertial trajectory show the evolution of portfolio emissions if the company takes no additional climate action above and beyond considering public pledges from policyholders, investees and announced regulatory changes.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
This Is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change.
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)
An independent intergovernmental body established to strengthen scientific policies for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, human well-being and sustainable development.
International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB)
As part of the wider IFRS Foundation, the ISSB is developing standards for a global baseline of sustainability disclosures. Focussing on sustainability-related risks and opportunities, the standards are designed to meet the needs of investors and to enable companies to provide comprehensive sustainability information to global capital markets.
Just Transition
'Just' Transition is 'the process of anticipating, assessing, and addressing the social risks and opportunities of the transition to a low-GHG emissions and climate-resilient development, as well as ensuring meaningful dialogue and participation for impacted groups (including workers, communities, supply chains, and consumers) in transition planning' (per Transition). For example, supporting the protection of the livelihoods of workers in carbon-intensive industries and activities as they get phased down or out.
Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF)
The GBF is a landmark agreement adopted at the UN Biodiversity Conference (COP15) to address global biodiversity loss. The framework guides nations in implementing policies to restore ecosystems and promote sustainable development.
Low Carbon Economy
The OECD define a low-carbon economy (LCE) is an economy which absorbs as much greenhouse gas as it emits.
Low Carbon infrastructure
Infrastructure such as transport systems or buildings that produce lower carbon emissions than traditional infrastructure and uses renewable energy such as solar and wind.
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
NDCs are climate action plans submitted by countries under the Paris Agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They outline national targets, policies, and measures to combat climate change. These contributions are updated periodically to enhance global climate ambition.
LEAP approach
The ‘LEAP’ approach (Locate, Evaluate, Assess, and Prepare) is a framework the TNFD developed to help organisations to assess nature-related financial risks. It helps businesses integrate biodiversity and environmental considerations into decision-making.
Nature-based Solutions
Actions to protect, conserve, restore, sustainably use and manage natural or modified terrestrial, freshwater, coasting and marine ecosystems that address societal, economic and environmental challenges effectively and adaptively, while simultaneously providing human well-being, ecosystem services, resilience and biodiversity benefits.
Adapted from International Union for Conservation of Nature (2020) The IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions.
Negative emissions technologies
Technologies that aim to remove carbon from the atmosphere e.g. machines that capture carbon dioxide from the air and sequester it.
Net Zero
The process of achieving net zero impact on the environment by balancing the amount of carbon emissions produced against schemes and projects that remove carbon from the atmosphere, such as nature-based solutions and or carbon offsetting.
Net Zero ambition
An organisation's ambition to reach Net Zero carbon emissions by a specific date.
Net Zero Asset Owner Alliance (NZAOA)
A United Nations convened group of institutional investors who are working together to aim to transition their investment portfolios to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
Net Zero Insurance Alliance (NZIA)
Aviva is one of the members of NZIA which consists of insurers and reinsurers that are working together to aim to transition their insurance and reinsurance underwriting portfolios to net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050.
Oil Sands
Oil Sands (also known as Tar Sands) is viscous crude oil (or bitumen) and/or associated fossil fuel derivatives that are trapped in sandstone.
Operational carbon emissions
Operational carbon emissions includes emissions from a company’s buildings, business travel, water and waste to landfill as generated during the year.
Operational Scope 1 emissions
Scope 1 emissions cover operational emissions from owned sources. This includes natural gas, oil (diesel oil), company car mileage and fugitive emissions from air-conditioning.
Operational Scope 2 emissions
The total quantity of indirect GHG emissions from purchased energy. Scope 2 emissions cover emissions generated from the electricity used in all the buildings a company operates, as calculated by the location-based and market-based methodology.
Location based – Operational emissions from non-owned sources (i.e., power plants) using an average emissions intensity for the grids on which energy consumption occurs. This includes purchased electricity, municipal heating and cooling.
Market based – Operational emissions where we have contractual arrangements for renewable electricity, e.g. through on-site generation, certified renewable electricity through a supplier tariff or the separate purchase of renewable energy guarantees of origin (REGOs) or market equivalent, or consumed renewable heat or transport certified through a Government scheme.
Operational Scope 3 emissions
The total quantity of indirect emissions (not included in Scope 1 and Scope 2) that occur in the value chain including both upstream and downstream emissions (Scope 3). Operational Scope 3 emissions cover operational emissions from business travel (air, rail, grey fleet, and rental cars), water, waste, electricity transmission and distribution, and homeworking.
Paris Agreement target
This is a 1.5°C target set by the global Paris climate change deal in 2015 to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
Powering Past Coal Alliance
The UK and Canadian Government created a national commitment for countries to ‘Power Past Coal’ which was launched at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP23) in 2017. We were a founding member of the Financial Principles committing to cease supporting thermal coal power investments and underwriting by 2030.
Renewable Energy 100 (RE100)
RE100 is a global initiative where companies commit to sourcing 100% of their electricity from renewable sources. Led by The Climate Group and CDP, it promotes corporate leadership in clean energy transitions. RE100 members drive market demand for renewables, accelerating the shift from fossil fuels.
Science Based Targets Initiative (SBTi)
The Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) is a corporate climate action organisation that enables companies and financial institutions worldwide to play their part in combating the climate crisis. They develop standards, tools and guidance which allow companies to set greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions targets.
Scope 1, Scope 2 and Scope 3 emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions are categorised into three groups or ‘Scopes’. Scope 1 covers direct emissions e.g. use of natural gas, company car vehicle emissions. Scope 2 covers indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam and heating. Scope 3 includes 15 other categories of indirect emissions in a company’s value chain e.g. business travel and investments.
An investor’s Scope 3 Category 15 emissions are consist of an investee’s own emissions profile. The investee’s Scope 3 emissions represent the investor’s ‘Scope 3 of 3’.
Social infrastructure
The construction and maintenance of facilities that support social services such as healthcare (hospitals), education (schools and universities), public facilities (community housing and prisons) and transportation (railways and roads).
Social Transition Global Equity Fund
Investment fund which aims to deliver long-term capital growth by investing in companies globally that either provide solutions to social inequality or are transitioning their business models to manage their social impact, while avoiding those that do not meet minimum social criteria.
Stewardship
The UK Stewardship Code 2020 defines stewardship as “the responsible allocation, management and oversight of capital to create long-term value for clients and beneficiaries leading to sustainable benefits for the economy, the environment and society.” Aviva UK Insurance, Wealth and Retirement business published a stewardship statement which takes into account the 12 principles of the FRC Stewardship Code.
Sustainability
All activity that can be considered as taking account of profit, people and the planet (also known as the ‘triple bottom line’). A more formal definition is “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs”.
Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB)
An ESG guidance framework that sets standards for companies to report against industry specific guidance for financially material sustainability information. SASB was consolidated into ISSB in 2022.
Sustainable Assets
Our investment in sustainable assets is made up of four sub-categories:
- Green assets
- Infrastructure assets (direct and debt) - Energy, Transport, Water (including nature-related solutions), Waste, Land Use categories identified as eligible under CBI green bond database methodology (2022) – this includes green energy such as solar electricity, offshore and onshore wind.
- Real estate (direct and debt) - Categories defined as eligible under CBI green bond database methodology (2022). This category includes properties with EPC ratings of A and above as well as BREEAM of excellent and outstanding.
- Bonds and loans - In CBI green bond database and benefits from an external review.
- Social bonds
- Bonds and loans - Tagged social in CBI social and sustainability bond database and benefits from an external review.
- Sustainability assets
- Infrastructure assets (direct and debt) Non-electrified passenger rail and ICE-powered urban public transport.
- Bonds and loans. Tagged sustainability in CBI social & sustainability bond database (which includes sustainability and sustainability-linked bonds) and benefits from an external review. Sustainability linked loans which meet the Sustainability-Linked Loan Principles (SLLP) from the Loan Market Association (LMA) and benefits from an external review.
- Transition & climate-related funds. See the table below for more detail on the sustainable asset definition.
- Funds - Climate transition funds, Social transition fund, Natural capital transition fund, Climate/decarbonisation venture capital funds.
Sustainable Bonds
Bonds are issues where proceeds are used to finance or re-finance a combination of green and social projects or activities.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
These are 17 global goals designed to be a “blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”. They were set in 2015 by the United Nations and are meant to be achieved by 2030. Many firms use them to orient their sustainability action.
Sustainable Finance
Sustainable finance takes the environmental, social and governance (ESG) impacts into account when making investment decisions. This means that more long-term investments are made in sustainable economic activities and projects. Find out more about Aviva’s approach to Sustainable Finance here.
Sustainable impact and Net Zero aligned funds
Net Zero aligned funds are investments that are aligned with Net-Zero emissions by 2050 or sooner. Sustainable impact funds are broader and are investments that aim to deliver positive ESG outcomes.
Sustainable Investment Principles
Sustainable Investment Principles guide investors in incorporating ESG factors into their decision-making. They promote responsible capital allocation to achieve long-term sustainability goals. These principles align financial performance with positive societal and environmental impacts.
Systemic risk
Systemic risk refers to the potential collapse of an entire financial system or market due to interconnected vulnerabilities. It arises when disruptions in one sector trigger widespread economic consequences.
Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD)
The Financial Stability Board created the TCFD to improve and increase reporting of climate-related financial decision useful information. TCFD is a reporting framework to report climate-related risks and opportunities.
Task Force on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD)
The Financial Stability Board created the TNFD to develop a risk management disclosure framework to enable decision useful nature-related reporting. The TNFD will build upon the structure and foundation of the TCFD. The TNFD was announced in 2020 and its requirements are under development.
Technology-based carbon removals
Technology-based carbon removals use engineered solutions, such as direct air capture and carbon storage, to extract CO₂ from the atmosphere.
Temperature alignment
The temperature alignment metric assesses temperature alignment with the Paris Agreement target of limiting global warming to well below 2°C, preferably to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, in respect of our investments.
Thermal Coal
Thermal Coal includes lignite, bituminous, anthracite and steam coal, and excludes revenue from metallurgical coal.
Transition Finance Market Review
The Transition Finance Market Review assesses financial mechanisms that support the shift to a low-carbon economy within the UK, evaluating investment trends, policy frameworks, and corporate transition strategies.
Transition Pathway Initiative
An independent, authoritative source of research and data into the progress being made by the financial and corporate world in making the transition to a low-carbon economy.
Transition plan
A transition plan sets out how an organisation will aim to transition its business to the low carbon economy, aiming to align its operations, assets, portfolio, and business model to meet Net Zero.
UK Green Taxonomy
A framework drawn up by the UK Government which sets out the criteria which specific economic activities must meet to be considered environmentally sustainable.
UK National Wealth Fund Taskforce
This Taskforce oversees investment strategies to build national wealth while advancing sustainability. It focuses on funding projects that drive economic growth, innovation, and green transitions.
UK Transition Plan Taskforce (TPT)
The TPT develops guidance for companies to create credible transition plans toward net-zero emissions.
Underwriting
The process of selecting which risks an insurance company can cover and deciding the premiums and terms of acceptance. On the stock exchange, an arrangement by which a company is guaranteed that an issue of shares will raise a given amount of money, because the underwriters promise to buy any of the issue not taken up by the public.
UN Forum for Insurance Transition to Net Zero (FIT)
The FIT supports the insurance sector in adopting net-zero policies and practices. It facilitates collaboration among insurers to manage climate-related risks.
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD)
UNCBD is an international treaty aimed at conserving biodiversity and promoting sustainable use of natural resources, setting global targets for protecting ecosystems and genetic diversity.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
The UNFCCC is an international treaty that guides global efforts to combat climate change.
United Nations Global Compact
The United Nations Global Compact is a voluntary initiative that encourages businesses worldwide to adopt sustainable and socially responsible policies.
Vector-borne diseases
Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by vectors.
Water Stewardship Programme
A Water Stewardship Programme promotes responsible water use by businesses, communities, and governments, aiming to protect freshwater resources.
Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust
The Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust is a UK-based conservation organisation dedicated to protecting wetlands and the wildlife that depend on them. It manages nature reserves, conducts research.
Woodland Carbon Code
The Woodland Carbon Code (WCC) is the quality assurance standard for woodland creation projects in the UK, and generates high integrity, independently verified carbon units. Backed by the Government, the forest industry and carbon market experts.
World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
The World Wildlife Fund is one of the world’s leading conservation organisations, working to protect nature and combat climate change. It focuses on preserving biodiversity, reducing ecological footprints, and promoting sustainable development.